Research Papers by Azza Hafez

The emphasis on increased reuse of drainage water for irrigation is essential as Egypt expands its agricultural base to meet the food requirements for rapidly population growth rate. The Government of Egypt implemented El-Salaam Canal project to reuse drainage water, to create new communities along

To reuse pretreated water effluent of the El-Nile Company for the food industry in Egypt, NF and RO membrane separation techniques were investigated. Two sets of experiments were carried out by using laboratory separation unit with maximum pressure of 7 bars and pilot plant membrane separation unit

In the chromium tanning process leather consumes 60–80% of the applied chromium salt and the rest is usually discharged into sewage without adequate treatment, causing serious environmental impact. Chemical analysis of the spent chromium effluents from two local medium-size tannery shops indicated t

Tackling water shortage issues with desalting of seawater and salty water is common in the desert nations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The fast growing development in Egypt has required big movements of investments and people from the Nile Valley towards the east, with the fantastic Red

Inorganic fouling is a major challenge in seawater RO desalination due to its relatively high SO4/HCO3 molar ratios. In most of the recorded cases, if not all, calcium sulfate scale is dominating (>90% wt/wt) other scale types such as CaCO3, MgSO4, MgCO3, MgSiO3, SiO2 and CaPO4. However, the standar

The proposed model is based on the hydration theory of dissolved chemical species in water. The molecular dehydration occurs when the solution system is subjected to critical water loss associated with re-displacement of ionic charges from attached water molecules towards the dissolved molecule. Thi

Water type is the cornerstone in reverse osmosis system designing. However, the systematic differentiation and identification of different natural waters are almost missing. In the RO industry all natural waters are usually grouped under two types: brackish (1000–15000 mg/l) and seawater (>15,000 mg

Scaling is a major problem facing salt separation from water by reverse osmosis (RO) systems. The sophisticated saturation indices such as LSI (1936), RSI (1944), and S&DSI (1952), are widely used for the prediction of scaling potential in RO systems, although these indices were specifically develop