Research Papers by Craig Bartels

New spiral wound element improvements have been made so that RO/NF products are more robust. One improvement is the design of vents in the seal carrier or ATD’s on the ends of the elements. This feature has proven to quickly equalize the pressure on the inside of and outside of the element and preve

The nanofiltration (NF) membranes and their properties are quite diverse, but can generally be described as having rejection characteristics that range from “loose” RO to “tight” ultrafiltration. The uniqueness of these membranes is highlighted by their ability to selectively reject different dissol

The Larnaca SWRO desalination plant has successfully operated for more than 6 years. It was one of the first major SWRO plants to have a tight boron specification. With some management of the membrane elements at the site, the plant has consistently met the water quality and quantity requirements of

The seawater RO plant at Marbella had operated intermittently, and at low flowrates, since its construction 10 years ago. This was because the plant had been designed to operate at times of water shortage, to provide water when the conventional supplies were not available. During the early part of t