Critical flux

In the field of the wastewater treatment, membrane bioreactor technology continues to gain more and more interest thanks to high purification performance, low environmental impact, high possibility of treated water reuse. The more crucial factor in membrane bioreactor application is fouling tendency

The use of a submerged membrane bioreactor for the treatment of industrial oil contaminated wastewater was investigated using microfiltration hollow fibre membranes. The membrane bioreactor worked with a hydrocarbon concentration ranging from 600 to 1500 mg/L in a sub-critical flux regime. The sludg

Among the membrane processes, membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies are becoming an innovative and promising option for wastewater treatment and reuse. In this study the performance of the submerged membrane bioreactor was studied with an addition of MPE50, and it was compared against a sponge subm

If the notion of sustainable critical flux can be analysed in regards to hydrodynamics conditions imposed closed to a defined membrane surface taking into account the suspension characteristics, it is important to integrate the actual heterogeneity of filtration conditions relatively to the individu

This paper discusses fouling in reverse osmosis in terms of the critical flux of foulants and the fouling mechanisms based on hydraulic resistance and loss of driving force due to cake-enhanced osmotic pressure (CEOP). In many cases CEOP is the dominant effect and this is exacerbated by the use of c

The effect of solute size relative to membrane pore size on the critical flux during the ultrafiltration of protein solutions was investigated using the constant pressure method. Hydrophilic regenerated cellulose membranes with a cut-off of 10, 30 and 100 kg mol!1, model proteins and skimmed milk so

The development of membrane technology has reached a state whereby operational optimisation is becoming the major issue to both researchers and industrial operators. A key focus is towards sustainable operation where fouling is limited and cleaning is greatly reduced. The paper presents an example o

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combine biological processes with membrane filtration. The main obstacle to efficient operation remains the deterioration of membrane permeability with time. One possible approach to the fouling issue is sub-critical flux operation. Other options are air sparging and backf

This study aims at identifying the effect of pretreatment such as flocculation and/or adsorption on the performance of crossflow microfiltration (CFMF). CFMF performance was studied in terms of critical flux. The results indicated that: (1) flocculation alone as a pretreatment could effectively remo

An existing model for the simulation of solvent flux, transmembrane pressure and velocity in spiral-wound modules has been combined with results on the critical flux of spacer filled channels to simulate the colloidal fouling of an RO spiral-wound module leaf. A number of situations were examined wh