Biofouling

Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently one of the most prevalent methods used for seawater desalination. During the past four decades, the research and development has reduced the energy consumption from about 20 to 4 kWh/m3, while improvements in membrane science has led to a 20-fold increase in the spe

Controlling fouling of membrane filtration installations (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is a major challenge for the water industry. Fouling affects the plant performance and increases the costs of plant operation. Diagnosis of the type(s) and extent of fouling is the essential first step for

CEDEX (Centro de Estudios y Experimentacion de Obras Publicas) and EMALSA (Empresa Mixta de Aguas de Las Palmas, S.A. ) had been performing experimental tests for seawater desalination at Las Palmas, Gran Canaria Is., Spain, using a TOYOBO hollow-fiber membrane. A Hollosep HM10255FI module made by T