Scaling

Controlling fouling of membrane filtration installations (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) is a major challenge for the water industry. Fouling affects the plant performance and increases the costs of plant operation. Diagnosis of the type(s) and extent of fouling is the essential first step for

The water state in the CaSO4 solutions where concentrations ranged from 0.68–7.08 g/l was studied by the differential-scanning calorimetry. In the low-temperature range, 248.8 K, a peak was detected at the beginning of a CaSO4 concentration of 1.7 g/l. Its appearance could be attributed to an initia

It is common practice in electrodialysis demineralization of calcium hydrocarbonate natural waters to restrict the current density by the limiting diffusion one. Exceeding this value causes the irreversible water dissociation at the interface of the anion-exchange membrane and solution and selective

Predicting scale formation in desalination plants is a matter of a number of calculations. The accuracy of these calculations is dependent on accurate data, and representative operating conditions. These calculations are normally carried out by using software, supplied either by the membrane manufac

In nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membrane systems 75–90% of the feed water is conversed to product, and as a consequence dissolved compounds are concentrated in the membrane concentrate. Subsequently, sparingly soluble inorganic compounds such as calcium carbonate and barium sulphate become sup

CEDEX (Centro de Estudios y Experimentacion de Obras Publicas) and EMALSA (Empresa Mixta de Aguas de Las Palmas, S.A. ) had been performing experimental tests for seawater desalination at Las Palmas, Gran Canaria Is., Spain, using a TOYOBO hollow-fiber membrane. A Hollosep HM10255FI module made by T