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Most widely applied and commercially proven desalination technologies fall into two categories of thermal (evaporative) and membrane based methods. Membrane methods are less energy intensive than thermal methods and since energy consumption directly affects the cost-effectiveness and feasibility of

The demand for clean water is currently increasing because of the decreasing sources of drinking water the stringent environmental legislation and the rigorous quality demands. Nanofiltration may be a solution for the effective separation of anionic detergents from used water or wastewater. In this

Lead is a highly toxic heavy metal, found in water and air, which should be treated. Lead removal from wastewater is an important problem in battery industries. The separation process by means of electrodialysis (ED) shows several advantages such as highly selective desalination, high water recovery