Confocal laser scanning microscopy

The composition and structure of membrane biofouling in water treatment can be studied using specific stains (fluorochromes) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). An image analysis program (CMem) has been developed to quantify parameters describing the biofilm structure on curved membrane s

Fouling of membranes in water treatment processes can be caused by the precipitation of inorganic salts, the accumulation of organic substances like polysaccharides, the deposition of organic and inorganic particles as well as the formation of microbial biofilms. The aim of this study was the reprod

The casting solution of an organic–inorganic microporous membrane was formed by dispersing a small quantity of fine alumina particles in a solution of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The modified membranes were prepared by a phase inversion process and their characteri