Cost

Within some data limitations, the paper provides a first assessment of areas in Australia with potential for implementing desalination technologies to supply agricultural water. At the national scale, these areas were identified based on a set of selected criteria: distance from land currently used fo

Recent research reports have underlined reverse osmosis (RO) as the most optimized technology for water desalination related applications. However, implementing this technology to seawater desalination is facing challenges of membrane fouling. This includes membrane biofouling, organic and inorganic

Brine disposal remains a key consideration when employing ion exchange (IEX) for nitrate removal. To circumvent this issue, research was conducted into developing an immersed membrane bioreactor (MBR) as a replacement for ion exchange. This paper compares the economics of the two process options whi

An economic study was conducted to evaluate the costs of fluoride removal by electrodialysis on the basis of industrial and economic data. The investment and operating costs were estimated for an industrial plant with a capacity of 2200 m3/d water consumption for 50,000 per capita according to Moroc

Nanofiltration is an effective technique in improving the organic matter removal from coagulated surface water, but the process should also be economically feasible and environmentally sustainable when applied. Cost and environmental impact of nanofiltration installed after conventional surface wate

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study a single stage solar desalination system to get a daily yield of 10 l of potable water. The experimental system consists of a flat plate collector, an evaporator, a single stage vacuum pump and a condenser. The input parameters such as solar irradianc

In light of broad use of the electrodialysis (ED) processes, it has become crucial to minimize its operating costs. The total cost of the ED process consists of energy, investment and maintenance costs. Energy cost increases linearly with the current density while the investment cost decreases with

Treatment and reuse of agricultural drainage water (ADW) is complicated by the presence of soluble organic and inorganic pollutants in addition to hazardous chemicals. Large-scale desalination systems for agricultural drainage water require the development of affordable pretreatment for removal of s

The selection of an optimum scheme for treatment of agricultural drainage water for reuse in specific applications is a challenging and tedious task that necessitates the evaluation of a long train of optional treatment processes which involve, among others, alternative desalting systems. The decisi

The application of ultrafiltration technology for drinking water production has shown rapid development from the beginning of the 1990s. There has been a constant cost reduction of this technology over the last ten years allowing evolution (new polymers, new module designs, etc.), and a decrease of