Economics

This study demonstrates how seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants, necessary to meet increasing future global water demand, can be powered solely through renewable energy. Hybrid PV–wind–battery and power-to-gas (PtG) power plants allow for optimal utilisation of the installed desalination capacity

A visual basic computer package was developed for the design and analysis of thermal and membrane desalination processes. The package includes conventional processes, i.e., reverse osmosis, single-effect mechanical vapor compression, multiple-effect evaporation with/without thermal or mechanical vap

Libya is an arid and water scarce country. The main source of water is ground water, which is limited and over exploited. The deficit is increasing and certain measures must be taken to resolve the problem. Unconventional sources such as sea water desalination was seriously considered since mid seve

Fresh water supply to some remote desert areas in Egypt represents one of the major constraint to development of such areas. The current conventional water supply to remote communities includes pipelines and transportation means such as trucks. However, such methods seem to be very expensive, especi

Increasing water shortage in Egypt approaches an alarming level. Treatment and reuse of secondary water sources (comprising brackish water and wastewater) is of current national and international concern. The Egyptian Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) allocates considerable fundin

This work presents a preliminary economic analysis of the production of ethanol using different fermentation processes. The installation of a new plant and the adaptation of an existing ethanol plant to the selective fermentation of glucose from sugar cane hydrolysate were considered. In the latter

The availability of fresh water and energy is the key factor in the development of many countries ,particularly those of large, overpopulated, arid areas. Potable water supply shortage and recent technological development have led to wider application of conventional, yet advanced saline/brackish wa

This paper stresses the different aspects related to remote water desalination plants which should be considered during the feasibility study and planning phases. The paper summarizes the related techno-economic factors and refers to an in-house developed computer routine that allows the planner to

The critical area of concern at the start of the millenium continues to be the biofouling of seawater/brackish water and the pre-treatment methods practiced. Practical studies indicate that with widely fluctuating raw water chemistry, the Gulf seawater which predominantly operates on open intake is

In this paper different solar systems of seawater distillation are proposed and economically analyzed. The solar collectors are parabolic trough ones in which brine circulates as thermal fluid. Steam is directly obtained from circulating brine. The solar collector field could be connected to condens