Fouling potential

The characteristics and behaviors of soluble microbial products (SMP) in sequencing batch membrane bioreactors (SBMBRs) were investigated at various sludge retention times (SRTs). SMP concentrations in SBMBRs reached a minimum at SRT of 40 days and were consistently higher than those in effluents. T

Concentration polarization and membrane fouling have limited the efficiency of reverse osmosis. Rotating filtration may minimize the effects of concentration polarization and membrane fouling by increasing the shear at the membrane surface. A second-generation high-pressure rotating reverse osmosis

When using NF/RO membranes in large-scale (drinking) water applications a stable operation of the installation is required to minimize costs. Fouling of membranes will cause an increase in costs due to an increased energy demand, additional labor and costs for cleaning and a shorter lifetime of the