Hardness

This work developed a new treatment system, which could effectively reduce silica in heavy oil produced wastewater to the acceptable levels in the reused boiler at the Xinjiang oilfield. With this treatment system, the harmfulness of silicate scale to the steam boiler run could be reduced in the pro

Performances of electromembrane systems were investigated for removal of the hardness materials in a tap water. Six cells of ED, EDR, and EDIR systems with an electrode area of 12.5 cm ´ 8.0 cm were operated. The results showed scaling formation due to water dissociation on the surface of cation exc

The organic ion exchangers (Dowex HCR-S, Dowex 50WX-2) and inorganic ion exchangers with phosphate functional groups (zirconium phosphates ZrP-1, ZrP-2) were studied as transport media for ion-exchange-assisted electrodialysis of diluted solutions containing Cu (II) ions. The ion-exchange and electr

The separation performances of divalent ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) by electrodialysis (ED) were compared using a constant voltage mode of operation. For the batch tests, TS-1-10 ED equipment was employed. During the experimental studies, the effects of electrical potential applied and flow rate of streams

A model apparatus has been developed on the basis of the electrodialysis technique for the production of drinkingquality water from artesian and salty water mineralized up to 8 kg/m3, with productivity of up to 1.0 m3/h. The apparatus consists of a unit providing purification from iron, manganese an