Integrated membrane systems

In the last years, boron and arsenic are gaining wide attention in the water treatment community due to their adverse effects both on human/animal health and on agriculture. As a consequence, nowadays, the number of water treatment plants equipped with boron and arsenic removal facilities is growing

Reverse osmosis is widely applied to water desalination because of the relatively low cost of the process. Besides the well defined role that this technology plays in the desalination scenario, in the last years, from all over the world, demand for lower costs and higher quality of water has been ad

RO seawater systems operating on a surface feed water, originating from an open intake source, require an extensive pretreatment process in order to control membrane fouling. Considerations of long-term membrane performance stability have lead to an initial design concept of operation of seawater RO

Wastewater reuse is a very reliable source of water supply for water short areas. Integrated membrane systems (IMS), microfiltration or ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis (RO), are frequently used for these applications to reliably produce high quality water for aquifer recharge, industrial

Water shortage problems are becoming more widespread and are encouraging users to treat difficult waters and to value the reuse of wastewater. Membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) have been used to treat such waters as well as sea water (SWRO). The applications, particularly for wastewate