Libya

Water shortage problem is considered to be one of the biggest problems facing the middle eastern region, specifically the Arab countries located in semi-arid zones. The natural water resources of the region are suffering from outside control dominated by complex political circumstances, and inside d

Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy by means of two methods: the first one is a direct method with photovoltaic (PV) systems and the second is an indirect one by solar thermal power generation. The main disadvantage of the PV systems is the high sensitivity of the output electrical ch

Libya is an arid and water scarce country. The main source of water is ground water, which is limited and over exploited. The deficit is increasing and certain measures must be taken to resolve the problem. Unconventional sources such as sea water desalination was seriously considered since mid seve

The state of Libya without any doubt is facing a serious water supply shortage due to an imbalance between limited water resources and its demands. The country’s population has tripled since the 1950s. As a result of the population growth and the improvement of living standard, the country is confro

Thermal desalination plants have been operating in Libya since 1975. Over this period, the total installed capacity has grown to more than 330,000 m3/d. Of this, more than 300,000 m3/d are produced by multi-stage flash (MSF) and the rest by multi-effect distillation (MED). This paper describes a com