Macrophytes

The aim of this research is to define a new Macrophyte Index relevant in the context of the Po Valley. The application of biotic indexes, as the macrophyte ones, is required by both the Italian and the European law to provide an adequate classification of freshwaters, in association with physical–ch

In this study, the performance of a combined subsurface vertical and horizontal flow constructed wetlands system, designed for rural domestic wastewaters treatment and with theoretical hydraulic retention time of 2 d and 3.6 d, respectively, was investigated. Several water quality parameters includi

For small settlements sanitation, constructed wetland systems offer a suitable social economic alternative to the classic wastewater treatment plants. In order to study the treatment mechanisms occurring in the soil–plant system, we set up a small-scale pilot wastewater treatment plant composed by a