Normalization

RO plant operators, end-users, membrane manufacturers and system suppliers have been facing two major problems since the advent of commercial membrane technology applications for water desalination utilizing reverse osmosis (RO) and other membrane processes: how to reliably monitor their membrane sy

When using NF/RO membranes in large-scale (drinking) water applications a stable operation of the installation is required to minimize costs. Fouling of membranes will cause an increase in costs due to an increased energy demand, additional labor and costs for cleaning and a shorter lifetime of the

The need for good-quality water in Cyprus continues to be the driving force for the use of reverse osmosis to desalinate brackish water and seawater for irrigation and potable use. Much work continues both to optimize the process designs for new plants and to refine the operation of existing ones. T