Process water

Produced water management is one of the key challenges faced by the oil and gas industry globally. Specifically, the gas industry in Qatar is challenged to minimize the produced/process water (PPW) volumes injected into disposal wells to ensure long term sustainability of the reservoirs. This researc

Copper rejections of a nanofiltration (NF) and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane are investigated with coppersulfate and copper-nitrate solutions as test wastewaters. The copper content of the solutions represents the typical copper ion concentration of process waters from a textile coating plant, i.e

The dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in volume in regard to its large water consumption. The present work was related to investigations about practices of water management of 11 dairy plants. Treatment of the process water produced in the starting, equilibrating, sto

In dairy plants the process waters generated during the starting, equilibrating, interrupting and rinsing steps contribute to the production of effluents. They correspond to milk products (milk, whey, cream) diluted with water without chemicals. The treatment of these dairy process waters by nanofil

Several nanofiltration and tight ultrafiltration membranes were tested by mill-site filtrations using a DSS-Labstak M20-filter. Retention, flux and fouling were analysed. Membranes were also characterised by measuring contact angles and pure water permeability. These data were used to explain the ex

In the dairy industry non-accidental losses of milk or dairy products to sewer amount to 1–3% of the total milk processed. These significantly contribute to the 0.5–6.0 g COD/L of end-of-pipe waste-water. The major part of this polluting charge originates from starting, interrupting, and stopping da