Risk assessment

Scientists working closely on issues of water reuse are far from having solved all concerns related to the practice. From the very beginning of a water reuse project, scenarios must be prepared from the ‘zero scenario’ (no reuse) through to more complex and expensive ones (e.g. reverse osmosis for p

The Rus-Umm Er Radhuma aquifer in Bahrain is a non-renewable source of brackish water (8–15 g/L), which forms a lens underlain everywhere with brines of over 100 g/L. Aquifer utilization has started in 1984 to feed a reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant, with an economic life of 25 years (2010).

Several copper-nickel based alloys commonly used as condenser and heat exchanger materials in desalination plants were evaluated against corrosion and deterioration. The evaluation against the corrosion and deterioration was conducted in a simulated pollution impact of the oil spill and oil fires in