Softening

The oil sands industry has recently focused on both reducing their freshwater usage and maximizing the reuse of process water. This study is one of the few pilot-scale investigations reporting the ability of reverse osmosis (RO) to treat recycle water (RCW) from an oil sands facility. Two distinct t

A comprising thermodynamic approach is presented to investigate the behavior of saline solutions with respect to CaCO3, CaSO4 and SiO2 scaling in water treatment processes. The Pitzer activity coefficient model is used to describe the aqueous species activities and the corresponding equilibrium reac

The nanofiltration (NF) membranes and their properties are quite diverse, but can generally be described as having rejection characteristics that range from “loose” RO to “tight” ultrafiltration. The uniqueness of these membranes is highlighted by their ability to selectively reject different dissol

Chilled water air-conditioning systems are the lifelines of cooling for large commercial, industrial and public buildings. The aim of this paper is to examine and evaluate damages sustained to a large hotel in Greece. The damage that discovered concerns corrosion and salt deposition problems of a ch

The paper presents results of a study investigating softening by nanofiltration of the Hamma underground water resource. The Hamma wells supply the City of Constantine with hard drinking water containing calcium bicarbonate. The main parameters investigated were pressure, cross-flow velocity and wat