Surface water treatment

Although submerged microfiltration is widely used as a pretreatment process for surface water treatment and RO desalination, its high energy consumption is a major drawback compared to conventional pretreatment. Especially, aeration during filtration is an energy-intensive step in most submerged mem

The conventional treatment for production of drinking water from surface water generally consists of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and sand filtration. One of the main disadvantages of the conventional process combining sedimentation and filtration is the rather long residence time. This

Nanofiltration is an effective technique in improving the organic matter removal from coagulated surface water, but the process should also be economically feasible and environmentally sustainable when applied. Cost and environmental impact of nanofiltration installed after conventional surface wate

The feasibility of ultra and microfiltration depends strongly on the achieved net flux. Direct treatment of surface water frequently results in low net fluxes and high cleaning frequencies. This is largely determined by the quality of the feed water and the mechanisms that determine the fouling and