Tertiary treatment

Sewage and industrial effluent treatment plants are installed with primary and secondary biological treatment units to reduce the discharge of pollution load into the environment. These treatment plants normally reduce the organic load in terms of BOD but not the pollution load in terms of inorganic

Cleaning of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes is usually performed with addition of powerful oxidizing agents such as aqueous chlorine. The results of cleaning are assessed by flux levels, and complete restoration of initial flux indicates that the membrane is usable for further operation. The cleaning

Constructed wetlands have been increasingly used throughout the world for secondary and especially for tertiary treatment of wastewater and stormwater. If well designed and maintained, their effluents can meet the high standards required for reclaiming the water. One can also partially reclaim nutri

In Tenerife, Canary Islands, a complex infrastructure exists, whose aim is the reuse of wastewater for crop irrigation. For this reason, techniques of advanced treatment, such as micro-ultrafiltration, have been developed. A laboratory-scale study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of a com