Water softening

Packed bed of polypyrrole/polystyrene sulfonate (PPy/PSS) electrodeposited porous carbon electrode was prepared and used for continuous water softening from flowing artificial hard water solutions. Careful preparation of the packed bed was performed in order to obtain the greatest possible degree of

Performances of electromembrane systems were investigated for removal of the hardness materials in a tap water. Six cells of ED, EDR, and EDIR systems with an electrode area of 12.5 cm ´ 8.0 cm were operated. The results showed scaling formation due to water dissociation on the surface of cation exc

A membrane separation process, nanofiltration (NF), has been applied successfully for treatment of oil sands waters, particularly to water softening and removal of toxic components. This study focused on the selection of appropriate membranes and the assessment of their performance for the removal o

The results of nanofiltration of natural waters have been described using the extended Nernst– Planck equation. The model of NF based on that DS-5-DK DS-5-DK 1) Gl. 1MPa 1) Gl. 2MPa 1) ww 2MPa 2) Gl. 1MPa 2) Gl. 2MPa 2) ww 2MPa / p lp / Xp [ m] 1) Gl. 1MPa 1) Gl. 2MPa 1) ww 2MPa 2) Gl. 1MPa 2) Gl. 2

This paper presents an investigation on the removal of hardness by using a crossflow membrane reactor. Lime soda (LS) and caustic soda (CS) were added to hard water as softening chemical agents. The effect of the LS–CS dosage, specific cake resistances (") and transmembrane pressure drop ()P) on ste

The paper presents the results of tests carried out on selected membranes, SEPA (Osmonics Inc., USA). The efficiency of membrane water softening was evaluated on the basis of permeate flux and the physicochemical analysis of raw water and permeate. The transport-separation properties of the membrane

Fibrous ion exchangers (FIBAN) have been studied in a model process of water softening and removal from water simultaneously present heavy metal ions: Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+. The effect of the following factors on the efficiency of Ca2+ removal from a model solution has been studied: the