Zero liquid discharge

This research proposes a two-stage process for the removal of sulfate from a nano-filtration (NF) reject stream. In Stage 1, calcium chloride is used to partially remove the majority of sulfate as calcium sulfate precipitate while the remaining sulfate is removed in Stage 2 as calcium sulfoaluminate

Concentrate streams from industrial processes entail an important risk for the environment, as they are often discharged into it. Therefore, efforts must be made to reduce the load of contaminants discharged to the environment. Eutectic freeze crystallization (EFC) is a novel technique which allows

At present, mechanical evaporators are being used by the textile and dyeing units in Tirupur, South India, to further concentrate the discharge from Reverse Osmosis (RO) units. A large amount of wood is burnt as fuel, leading to air pollution and destruction of the natural habitat. To circumvent thi

Semi-arid regions throughout the world face water scarcity and the need for more efficient and alternative sources of drinking water supply. Inland regions in the Arabian Peninsula have the alternate option of coastal seawater desalination and long-distance conveyance, often with lift to substantial

The aim of this study is to investigate the application of the ohmic heating during the evaporation process of the seawater for the purpose of reaching near zero liquid discharge (ZLD). Ohmic evaporator was designed and used to evaporate seawater at electrical field strengths 24, 56 and 87 V/cm using

Concentrate of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis installations is an increasing problem, especially for inland membrane installations. Introduction of membrane filtration in The Netherlands is severely hindered by the concentrate problem. Two approaches are viable for solving or reducing the concen